Second, and perhaps even more importantly, The Indigo Book is free of the restrictions of copyright. You are free to copy and distribute this work, and—most importantly—to improve on it. This is important, because we want people with a stake in our legal citation system to help make that system simpler and better. So, what sorts of improvement do we hope for? This original edition of The Indigo Book is compatible with the current, 20th edition of The Bluebook.
Indeed, in some ways the recent editions of The Bluebook have adopted an unhelpfully over-prescriptive approach to citation that has resulted in needless complexity. The rules set forth in this booklet should not be considered invariable. Whenever clarity will be served, the citation form should be altered without hesitation; whenever a citation would not amplify the identification of the authority referred to, no citation should be given.
That sounds right to us. Can we get back to a more sensible, flexible system of legal citation? The next step is up to you. Take The Indigo Book , use it, enjoy it, improve it—maybe you international lawyers out there will add coverage of foreign and international law?
Then, consistent with the spirit of our project—give your improvements to the world. There are two basic varieties of legal documents. The Uniform System of Citation imposes somewhat different citation rules for each. For reasons that make very little sense, the Uniform System of Citation treats law review articles and standard legal documents differently.
If we were designing the system from scratch, we'd scrap this distinction. When we need to refer to law review articles specifically, we'll do that. The typewriter was invented around the s. The first edition of The Bluebook is from Typewriters of that era did not support italics or boldface. If you wanted to emphasize text, your sole option was to underline. The Bluebook 20th Ed.
One might ask why the legal profession chose for itself such an odd and onerous citation system. L Rev. For citation sentences, signals in the same category are listed within a single citation sentence, each one marked off by semicolons; signals in separate categories, however, should be listed in separate citation sentences.
For citation clauses, all signals irrespective of category are listed within a single citation clause and separated by semicolons. Follow the order below for citing authorities within a signal. However, there is one exception: if an authority is more helpful than others cited within a signal, it should be cited first. Although The Bluebook encourages citations to Lexis or Westlaw when appropriate, note that many of the states have adopted public domain or media neutral citation of cases, as shown in Table T3.
The Indigo Book encourages the use of public domain or media neutral citations. When giving a public domain citation, also include a parallel citation to the appropriate regional reporter if possible. Correct: Smith v. Jones Incorrect: Jonathan H.
Smith v. Allison T. Correct: Xu Lanting v. Wong Incorrect: Xu Lanting v. James Wong. Correct: Jackson v. Lastonia Leviston.
Correct: Affleck ex rel. Damon v. Jimmy Kimmel, et al. Correct: Estate of Jones v. Smith Incorrect: In re Estate of Jones v. Abbreviate words in case names according to Table T If the resulting abbreviation is not ambiguous, words of eight or more letters may be abbreviated to save substantial space. Paper Bag Co. Incorrect: Continental Paper Bag Company v. Eastern Paper Bag Co. Exception: do not abbreviate if the citation appears in a textual sentence as explained in Rule Abbreviate countries, states, and other geographical places according to Table T Correct: Church of Scientology of Cal.
Blackman Incorrect: Church of Scientology of California v. Exception: if the geographical place is one of the parties in the case, do not abbreviate it. Correct: South Dakota v. Fifteen Impounded Cats Incorrect: S. Fifteen Impounded Cats.
Exception: do not abbreviate if the geographical place is part of a citation that appears in a textual sentence as explained in Rule Correct: United States v.
Ninety Five Barrels, More or Less. Correct: Lessig v. Colorado , 17 U. Incorrect: Lessig v. State of Colorado , 17 U. State , P. State of Colorado , P. Correct: James v. Village of Jamestown Incorrect: James v. King of Jamestown Incorrect: James v.
King of the Village of Jamestown. Correct: Stevenson v. Board of Trade Incorrect: Stevenson v. Board of Trade of Colorado. Correct: Dam Things from Denmark v. Incorrect: Dam Things v. Include geographical designations introduced by a preposition , but omit those that follow a comma. Correct: Cal. City of Sacramento Incorrect: Cal. City of Sacramento, California. The City of Los Angeles. Correct: Plainfield-Union Water Co. Commissioner of Internal Revenue. For cases with multiple dispositions , include an italicized identifier if useful.
In future citations of that case, the identifier can replace the full case name. Example: Liriano v. Hobart Corp. Liraino III , F. If a mandamus action is known by the name of the judge against whom the writ is sought , that name can be indicated in an italicized parenthetical. If a case is known both by the reported name and a distinct short form name, always include the reported name in a full citation.
The short name may be included in italics in a parenthetical. Example: Indus. Petroleum Inst. The Benzene Case , U. Correct: Red Lion Broad. FCC , U. Incorrect: Red Lion Broad. Federal Communications Commission , U. Burdine , once the plaintiff has established a prima facie case, there is a rebuttable presumption of unlawful discrimination. Affairs v. Green , the Supreme Court held that in a disparate treatment case, the plaintiff bears the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case of employment discrimination.
There are multiple ways to incorporate a case citation in the text of an article, brief, or other written work. In the previous example reproduced below , the case name is stated in the text and the rest of the citation is included as a separate sentence.
There is no strict rule here, so choose whichever method will be clearer to the reader. In McDonnell Douglas Corp. Green , U. This is how you decode case citations. The left column shows what your citation should look like.
The right column shows what the citation means for someone looking for the case. For page ranges consisting of page numbers or greater, you need only provide the last two digits of the second number in the page range, providing that the preceding digits are identical between the two numbers e.
Otherwise, include both numbers in their entirety e. Learn to differentiate between hyphens, en dashes, and em dashes. Use U. If not, use S. Brown v. Nance v. United States , F. Frigaliment Importing Co. International Sales Corp. Cite to the regional reporter for the region in which the court sits, if the opinion appears there.
Note: Do NOT include the department or district of intermediate state courts. Swindell , So. See Table T Also, be mindful of spacing. LEXIS and Westlaw cases: Citations to these electronic databases are similar to regular citations, except that they a replace the case code with a docket number and a database code supplied by LEXIS or Westlaw, and b include the full date of the decision in the following parenthetical, not just the year. To highlight information regarding the weight of the cited authority e.
Remember to separate the parentheticals with a space. The United States is a common law system, where court decisions play an important role in defining what the law is.
Note that in the above examples, the relevant explanatory phrases precede the subsequent history. Explanatory parenthetical information about the preceding case should be included before any subsequent history.
Example: Lerman v. Horn v. Schmuck , F. Incorrect: United States v. United States , U. However, none of these conventions are absolute. If there is an explanatory parenthetical or phrase in the preceding citation, it is not incorporated with the use of id.
Don't italicize anything in a statute citation. The section symbol s are always followed by a space. Don't worry about the year the statute was passed—the only year that matters is the edition of the code or the publication date of the volume containing the statute.
If you can't find the official code, include the name of the publisher in the date parenthetical, preceding the year.
Cite current or uniform rules of evidence or procedure by indicating the abbreviation of the source, followed by the rule number no comma in between.
It is unclear whether The Bluebook requires citation to different volumes. In practice, it makes little difference since the section number will direct the reader to the appropriate volume. Cite the title of the act in full, including year of enactment where it is included in the title. Judge Posner has criticized the long lists of uniform abbreviations mandated by The Bluebook as a contradiction in terms, since a non-obvious abbreviation one you must learn from a predesignated list will likely confuse the reader, and so should not be used at all.
Still, we follow the system of abbreviations The Bluebook requires as a matter of consistency. Include a parenthetical to explain content of rule or regulation where that information would be helpful. Citations to Title 26 of the U. Code, which is where the Internal Revenue Code is codified, take the following form: 26 U. If the regulation is temporary, then begin the citation with Temp. When citing Congressional legislation, you can include in your citation whether it was enacted in the first or second session of Congress.
For the names of subcommittees and committees, abbreviate according to the form set out in Table T5 , Table T11 , and Table T For the names of individuals, abbreviate using Table T Perhaps because constitutions are considered Capital-I important, they should never be expressed in the short form except for id.
Unlike cases, court documents may be cited using supra. Colting , F. Example: The U. For completeness sake, we include these rules below, even though most people would probably intuit them.
Think of a webpage as the page in your Internet browser Chrome, Firefox, Safari, etc. Think of a website as a group of webpages that work together.
For example, abovethelaw. When a document is available in multiple formats, cite to the format that best preserves the document as it would display if printed. This will allow citations to specific page numbers for pincites regardless of whether it is being viewed digitally or in print. Sometimes, it is helpful to include extra information to explain the relevance of certain citations. This information goes at the end of your citation but before any citation indicating subsequent history.
Explanatory parentheticals may consist of present participles , direct quotations, or short statements. Here is where the block quotation should begin and here is where it should end.
See the indentations on the right and left sides? This is how it should appear in your writing. The reasoning behind this set-up is to offset the lengthy quotations from the rest of the text and to clearly indicate that this is all directly cited material.
Plaintiff J. Rowling is the author of the highly acclaimed Harry Potter book series [. Warner Bros. RDR Books , F. Here is where some have noted that The Bluebook rules sometime produce odd results. The Bluebook makes no exception for quotations of 50 or more words in parentheticals unless used in a footnote in a law review article , meaning that the following footnote is formatted correctly, if bizarrely:. To perhaps a greater extent than even the legal scholars, modern economists assume that property consists of an ad hoc collection of rights in resources.
Indeed there is a tendency among economists to use the term property to describe virtually every device—public or private, common-law or regulatory, contractual or governmental, formal or informal—by which divergences between private and social costs or benefits are reduced. Some cases presided over by Circuit Justices are found in other reporters. Cite to these cases in the following manner:.
Decisions: Cite the same way as a citation for the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals, but include the opposing agency in the case name. Windjammer Capital LLC v. Futures Exch. American Express Travel Related Servs. Arizona Livestock Auction, Inc. System for disseminating media content representing episodes in a serialized sequence, U.
Patent No. Short form patent ctiations include an apostrophe followed by the last three digits of the patent number:. For trademarks that have been filed, but not approved, cite as U. Trademark Application Serial No. Advisory Opinions: For published, formal advisory opinions, cite in the same manner as adjudications.
Att'y Gen. OFCCP v. Bank of Am. Decisions by the Benefits Review Board: Cite to a service. Jones v. MB , Dep't of State, Bureau of Democracy, H. If any subsection of the cited section has been amended or appears in substantially different versions, give the year of the most recent amendment.
Follow this rule even if the particular subsection you are citing has never been amended. The abbreviations used are explained in the introductory pages of each volume of the Cumulative Bulletin. Treasury Orders Treas. Order Treasury Directives Treas. Decisions: For EEOC decisions that do not have readily identifiable titles, cite using the decision number in place of the title. Otherwise cite per Rule Budnik v. However, since all executive orders are not reprinted in successive years of the C.
Order 13,, 3 C. If the material is not in the C. Order 12,, 59 FR Feb. Office of Mgmt. Aerocomp, Inc. Phoenix Environmental Design, Inc. Trade and Investment Polices in India, —, Inv. US Pagoda, Inc. At the end of a citation, indicate parenthetically when an administrative law judge issued the decision, rather than the commission. Miller Construction Co. A decision that is not cited in any service or database may be cited as a slip opinion using Rule Prime Roofing Corp.
Releases that have subject-matter title may be presented in a short form. Make sure to include the act under which the release was issued, the release number, and the date. Reg Aug. Midas Securities, LLC. SEC Filings: For annual reports, proxy statements, and other company filings required under federal securities laws, provide the name of the company abbreviated according to Rule Apple Inc.
If citing annual reports, proxy statements, or other documents in a form other than that filed with the SEC, treat as books under Rule Facebook, Inc. OxyHeal Medical Systems, Inc.
SIZ Jan. If not published there, cite to another official source, such as the Code of Federal Regulations or the Federal Register. Otherwise, cite a commercial database or other source. SSR , Soc. Public domain citation format: Arkansas has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after February 13, For additional instruction, consult Arkansas Supreme Court Rule The format is:.
Public domain citation format: Colorado has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after January 3, Public domain format: Illinois has adopted a public domain citation format for cases effective July 1, See Illinois Supreme Court Rule 6.
Public domain citation format: Louisiana has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, Public domain citation format: Maine has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, Public domain citation format: Mississippi has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after July 1, Public domain citation format: Montana has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, See :.
Public domain citation format: New Mexico has adopted a public domain citation format for cases effective July 1, Public Domain Citation Format: North Dakota has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, Public Domain Citation Format: Ohio has adopted a public domain citation format for cases decided after April 30, Public domain citation format: Oklahoma has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after May 1, See Oklahoma Supreme Court Rule 1.
Superior Court Pa. For cases decided after December 31, , use the following public domain citation format:. Public domain citation format: South Dakota has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, Public domain citation format: Utah has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, Public domain citation format: Vermont has adopted a public domain citation format for cases after December 31, See Vt. Public domain citation format: Wisconsin has adopted a public domain citation format for cases decided after December 31, See Wisconsin Supreme Court Rule Public domain citation format: Wyoming has adopted a public domain citation format for cases decided after December 31, For example:.
Public domain citation format: The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands has adopted a public domain citation format. See General Order March 13, Public domain citation format: Puerto Rico has adopted a public domain citation format for cases decided after December 31, For each looseleaf service title, the appropriate abbreviation is followed by the name of the publisher.
Words not on this list that are more than six letters should not abbreviated if the abbreviation would be ambiguous. All articles and prepositions should be removed from the abbreviated title if the document can be unambiguously identified without the articles and prepositions. The dates to the year of the treaties contained in the source, not the years in which the source was published.
The 20th edition of The Bluebook is pages. The authoritativeness and care found in the rest of The Bluebook is perhaps not possible when attempting to summarize, for example, the legal system of France in 5 pages. As such, we attempt in this table to direct the reader to a series of other citation guides that are readily available for further guidance.
The material in this section was originally prepared by Patrick Durusau. Each rule and section of the file have a unique ID, making them individually addressable. Examples are:. The header of the file calls two open source Google fonts.
If those fonts are not available, the CSS style sheet falls back to Georgia, which is present on most computers, and then to the generic serif font. The fonts we use are:.
To clearly distinguish our work from other citation manuals, we have forgone the use of the color Royal Blue in favor of Indigo, in solidarity with the ryots of Bengal who were oppressed by the insatiable British demand for blue and the profits that flowed from it, leading to the Nilbridroha Indigo revolt and the beginning of the road that led to independence.
To create a file for use in Microsoft Word, an easy method is to comment out the calls to Google fonts, upload the document to Google Docs, and then downloading it in Word format. Professor Sprigman's research assistant is Daryl Steiger. During the pre-review release period, extensive comments were received from Professor Frank Bennett, Dr. Martin, Point. B Studio, and the anonymous students of Professor Sprigman. Joseph C. Indigo Inkling For reasons that make very little sense, the Uniform System of Citation treats law review articles and standard legal documents differently.
Indigo Inkling The typewriter was invented around the s. Indigo Inkling For citation sentences, signals in the same category are listed within a single citation sentence, each one marked off by semicolons; signals in separate categories, however, should be listed in separate citation sentences.
Law 6 Apr. But cf. See generally Richard A. Posner, Against Footnotes , 38 Ct. Indigo Inkling For citation clauses, all signals irrespective of category are listed within a single citation clause and separated by semicolons.
Hicks , U. King , S. United States v. Jones , S. Indigo Inkling Follow the order below for citing authorities within a signal. Indigo Inkling Although The Bluebook encourages citations to Lexis or Westlaw when appropriate, note that many of the states have adopted public domain or media neutral citation of cases, as shown in Table T3.
Indigo Inkling There are multiple ways to incorporate a case citation in the text of an article, brief, or other written work. Indigo Inkling For page ranges consisting of page numbers or greater, you need only provide the last two digits of the second number in the page range, providing that the preceding digits are identical between the two numbers e.
Indigo Inkling Learn to differentiate between hyphens, en dashes, and em dashes. Hyphens shortest in length are used for: phrasal adjectives e.
En dashes longer than hyphens, shorter than em dashes are used for: ranges of values e. Em dashes longest in length are used for: inserting a break in a thought; isolating a concluding phrase; setting on a parenthetical explanation or amplification; and signaling a collection of ideas e. Indigo Inkling See Table T Indigo Inkling The United States is a common law system, where court decisions play an important role in defining what the law is.
Indigo Inkling Note that in the above examples, the relevant explanatory phrases precede the subsequent history. Indigo Inkling If there is an explanatory parenthetical or phrase in the preceding citation, it is not incorporated with the use of id.
Indigo Inkling Don't italicize anything in a statute citation. If the statute name includes the year it was passed, the date parenthetical is unnecessary. Indigo Inkling Don't worry about the year the statute was passed—the only year that matters is the edition of the code or the publication date of the volume containing the statute.
Indigo Inkling It is unclear whether The Bluebook requires citation to different volumes. Indigo Inkling Judge Posner has criticized the long lists of uniform abbreviations mandated by The Bluebook as a contradiction in terms, since a non-obvious abbreviation one you must learn from a predesignated list will likely confuse the reader, and so should not be used at all.
Indigo Inkling When citing Congressional legislation, you can include in your citation whether it was enacted in the first or second session of Congress. Indigo Inkling Perhaps because constitutions are considered Capital-I important, they should never be expressed in the short form except for id.
Indigo Inkling When a document is available in multiple formats, cite to the format that best preserves the document as it would display if printed. Omission of a citation or footnote call number that follows a quotation.
Indigo Inkling Here is where some have noted that The Bluebook rules sometime produce odd results. The Bluebook makes no exception for quotations of 50 or more words in parentheticals unless used in a footnote in a law review article , meaning that the following footnote is formatted correctly, if bizarrely: See id.
Required Abbreviations for Services T4. Service Abbreviations For each looseleaf service title, the appropriate abbreviation is followed by the name of the publisher. Action Compl. Stock Ex. Tax Rep. Options Ex. Benefits Cas. Testing Univ. Law Inst. Exempt Organizations Reports Exempt Org. Banking L. Election Camp. Energy Reg. Tax Guide Rep. West Insurance Law Reports Ins. As a result, my essay was great and delivered on time!
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